What can Indian and Pakistani press archives, government records and memoirs tell us about the Middle East of the 1920s and ...

While Pan-Islamic public opinion across multiple European empires singled out the Ottoman Caliphate as the voice and representative of the global Muslim community, the Ottoman Caliph-Sultan was the ...

Instead, Erdogan praises the ancient Ottoman caliphate, whose theocratic empire once ranged from the Persian Gulf to southern Europe. When the Muslim Brotherhood tried to dismantle secular ...

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