Ketamine may work in other ways in the brain, too. Some nerve cells in the brain involved in mood use a chemical called glutamate to communicate with each other. The nerve cells need glutamate ...

One of the most important metabolic links between neurons and astrocytes, however, is the glutamate–glutamine shuttle. Astrocytes transport the vast majority of extracellular glutamate ...

Increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and balancing glutamate, brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, may help alleviate symptoms of fibromyalgia (FMS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).

The cycle of abuse includes four stages—tension building, abuse, reconciliation, and calm—that allow abusers to control their victims through fear and manipulation. This pattern can trap victims and ...

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an ancient enzyme present in all domains of life. (1,2) GS catalyzes the condensation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia using ... and replenishing intermediates of ...

Somatostatin-expressing neurons of the entopeduncular nucleus (EPNSst+) provide a limbic output of the basal ganglia and co-release GABA and Glutamate in their projection to the lateral habenula, a ...

Dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and other neurotransmitters collectively form a complex regulatory network in the reward circuitry of behavioral addictive disorders.

Previous reports have found unbalanced glutamate-glutamine cycle in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice with depression, which led to the interest in glutamine synthetase as a potential therapeutic ...